Trypanothione reductase (TR) is an enzyme critical to the maintenance of the thiol redox balance in trypanosomatids, including the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania that are parasites responsible for several serious diseases. Analogs of clomipramine were prepared since clomipramine is reported to inhibit TR and cure mice infected with trypanosomes, however its psychotropic activity precludes its use as an anti-trypanosomal therapeutic. The clomipramine analogs contained a tricyclic dibenzosuberyl moiety. Additionally a series of polyamines with N-dibenzosuberyl substituents were prepared. All compounds studied were competitive inhibitors of TR and showed trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. The analogs of clomipramine were poor inhibitors of TR, whereas the polyamine derivatives were effective TR inhibitors with the most potent compound, N(4),N(8)-bis(dibenzosuberyl)spermine (7), having a Ki value of 0.26μM. However, compound (7) did not prolong the lives of mice infected with trypanosomes. Analysis of docking studies indicated: the tricyclic groups of inhibitors bind at four distinct hydrophobic regions in the active site of TR; the importance of the chlorine substituent of clomipramine in binding to TR; and binding of the dibenzosuberyl groups of (7) occur at separate and distinct hydrophobic regions within the active site of TR.
Keywords: Clomipramine; Dibenzosuberyl substituted polyamine; Polyamine; Spermidine; Spermine; Trypanosoma cruzi; Trypanosome; Trypanothione; Trypanothione reductase.
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